The virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle between. Almost 45,000 cases of je, with about 10,000 deaths and 15,000 survivors with neurodisabilities, are reported to the world health organization who each year, but this may be. Schuller e, klingler a, dubischarkastner k, dewasthaly s, muller z. Description the virus that causes japanese encephalitis is called an arbovirus, which is an arthropodborne virus. Japanese encephalitis je known as the plague of the orient is the commonest cause of epidemic viral encephalitis globally. Japanese encephalitis is a viral infection found mainly in asia. Japanese encephalitis je is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of asia. The first historic mention of japanese encephalitis occurred during the summer encephalitis outbreaks in the late 1870s. Japanese encephalitis je virus is a member of the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus. Japanese encephalitis je, caused by japanese encephalitis virus jev, is the most impor. May 14, 2010 the first historic mention of japanese encephalitis occurred during the summer encephalitis outbreaks in the late 1870s. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices acip. The virulence to man of japanese encephalitis virus in thailand. Mosquitotransmitted japanese encephalitis virus jev is an example that illustrates the complexity involved with vectorborne diseases, with jev control strategies often relegating disease vector control to a secondary role and focusing on other.
Particularly in denv infection, antibodies to denv possess two competing activities. Randomized, doubleblind, placebocontrolled phase 3 trial of the. Apr 10, 2015 introduction japanese encephalitis is a vector borne viral disease that occurs in south asia, south east asia, east asia and the pacific this disease affects both man and animals caused by a flavivirusjev it is transmitted by the vector, mosquitoes belonging to the culex species globally, 30,000 to 50,000 new cases of. Japanese encephalitis can be a very serious disease in people. These antibody activities are considered central in. It is the leading cause of epidemic viral encephalitis in humans worldwide. Japanese encephalitis je virus is a singlestranded rna virus that belongs to the genus flavivirus and is closely related to west nile and saint louis encephalitis viruses. For most travelers to asia, the risk for je is very low but varies based.
Japanese encephalitis je is a rare disease caused by the japanese encephalitis virus. To determine the broader utility of this compound, we initially evaluated the activity of kaempferol against jev and dengue virus denv in hek293t17 cells. Classification of the causative agent japanese encephalitis je virus is a member of the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus. Louis encephalitis, and murray valley encephalitis viruses. As a neuroinvasive virus, it can effectively cross. Despite having effective vaccines, jev is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in asia. Full text prevention, diagnosis, and management of japanese. Japanese viral encephalitis postgraduate medical journal. Japanese encephalitis is a zoonotic disease caused by a mosquitoborne virus similar to west nile, dengue fever, st. Dengue virus denv and japanese encephalitis virus jev belong to the genus flavivirus, and infection with a virus within this genus induces antibodies that are crossreactive to other flaviviruses. Prevention, diagnosis, and management of japanese encephalitis in children rashmi kumar department of pediatrics, king george medical university, lucknow up, india abstract. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is a flavivirus related to dengue, yellow fever and west nile viruses, and is spread by mosquitoes.
Japanese encephalitis june 2018 adults 18 years and older the standard vaccine schedule is two doses of ixiaro 0. Inactivated japanese encephalitis virus vaccine recommendations. Japanese encephalitis journal of neurology, neurosurgery. The centralnervoussystem involvement would be shown by magnetic.
Japanese encephalitis virus is an important mosquitoborne human pathogen in much of asia including southeast asia, china, japan, the korean peninsula and adjacent areas of the russian federation, sri lanka, and portions of the indian subcontinent with recent incursions into the pacific islands and northern australia fig. Mutations in the envelope protein of japanese encephalitis virus affect entry into cultured cells and virulence in mice. Results showed no significant antiviral activity against either virus. Classification of the causative agent resistance to physical. Japanese encephalitis je is an infection of the brain caused by the japanese encephalitis virus jev. Humans get infected when bitten by an infected mosquito. Japanese encephalitis je is the leading form of viral encephalitis in asia. Japanese encephalitis virus jev, a mosquitoborne flavivirus, is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in asia based on its frequency and severity. These jev isolates clustered with other indonesia isolates obtained in the 1980s figure, panel c 14. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is a positivesense singlestranded rna virus of the flavivirus genus that is spread by culex mosquitos.
Japanese encephalitis vaccine japanese encephalitis cdc. Je, jev, japanese b encephalitis jbe, arbovirus b, mosquitoborne encephalitis virus. It is caused by the je virus jev, which belongs to the family. Safety profile of the vero cellderived japanese encephalitis virus jev vaccine ixiaro. Louis encephalitis virus sle, north america, murray valley virus mve, australasia, and west nile virus wn. W it seems to us that you have your javascript disabled on your browser.
Japanese encephalitis virus is the most common cause of viral encephalitis worldwide, and hsv1 is the most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis in the u. The je virus is a flavivirus related to dengue, yellow fever and west nile viruses. A number of years ago, an article on the risk of japanese encephalitis je in travelers by shlim and solomon quoted a popular movie at the time, chicken run, describing in a jocular fashion the one in a million chance of the imprisoned chickens mounting a successful escape. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is an important cause of encephalitis in southeast asia and the western pacific region.
Japanese encephalitis je is caused by the japanese encephalitis virus, jev, which is mainly found in asia. Acute encephalitis syndrome national health portal of india. Who recommends having strong prevention and control activities, including je immunization in all regions where the disease is a recognized public health problem. Japanese encephalitis je virus is a singlestranded rna virus that belongs to the flavivirus genus, and is closely related to west nile and st. It is maintained in an enzootic cycle in pigs and wild birds in which humans are deadend hosts.
Japanese encephalitis virus jev is a zoonotic, vectorborne flavivirus closely. Although there is a single serotype of japanese encephalitis. Tom solomon and coworkers april 11, p 10941 studied 22 children, aged 0515 years, with acute flaccid paralysis in vietnam. Who manual for the laboratory diagnosis of japanese encephalitis virus infection, 2007. In india during 2018, 15% of cases of aes were found positive for infection due to jev. Single stranded, positive sense rna, enveloped, 40 50 nm diameters. As such, its very difficult to identify most cases of japanese encephalitis because it either causes no symptoms or mimics most other mild infections. Individuals using assistive technology may not be able to. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is a mosquitoborne agent that can cause encephalitis in equids and humans and reproductive disease in pigs. A case of japanese encephalitis virus infection acquired during a. Japanese encephalitis vaccinefacilitated dengue virus. Japanese encephalitis virus and poliomyelitislike illness. Japanese encephalitis aetiology epidemiology diagnosis prevention and control references aetiology classification of the causative agent japanese encephalitis je virus is a member of the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus.
Transmitted by the culex mosquito, this neurotropic virus predominately affects the thalamus, anterior horns of the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. Definition japanese encephalitis is an infection of the brain caused by a virus. The next documented epidemic in japan occurred in 1924 with 6,125 human cases resulting in 3,797 human deaths 62% casefatality rate. It is a mosquitoborne virus and cannot be transferred from one person to another.
Although considered by many in the west to be a rare and exotic infection, japanese encephalitis is numerically one of the most important causes of viral encephalitis worldwide, with an estimated 50 000 cases and 15 000 deaths annually. It is caused by a flavivirus whose natural cycle occurs in mosquito and vertebrate hosts ardeid birds and pigs and man is an. Most people who have japanese encephalitis have either no symptoms or mild, shortlived symptoms that are flulike in presentation mildtomoderate fever, fatigue, headache and sometimes vomiting. Japanese encephalitis virus an overview sciencedirect topics. The rapid schedule may be used in all age groups from two months of age where there is. The virus exists in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes, pigs andor water birds. Discordant activity of kaempferol towards dengue virus and. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide, with an estimated 35,000 to 50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths. Japanese encephalitis virus jev causes japanese encephalitis, which is a leading form of viral encephalitis in asia, with around 50,000. It mainly affects children japanese encephalitis je virus is a singlestranded rna virus that belongs to the flavivirus genus, and is closely related to west nile and st.
Change in japanese encephalitis virus distribution,thailand. Aug 28, 2018 japanese encephalitis is a viral infection found mainly in asia. Mosquitotransmitted japanese encephalitis virus jev is an example that illustrates the complexity involved with vectorborne diseases, with jev control strategies often relegating disease vector control to a secondary role and focusing on other means to reduce transmission, such as vaccine improvements. Origin and evolution of japanese encephalitis virus in southeast asia. Of 945 pig serum samples, we selected 56 candidate samples for virus isolation on the basis of their. Jev is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes that have bitten an infected animal like pigs. Only a single serotype of je virus has been identified and subtipification has been described. Japanese encephalitis je is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in asia. While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. Japanese encephalitis je, a mosquitoborne arboviral infection, is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in asia 2 4. Jul 30, 2019 japanese encephalitis virus jev, a mosquitoborne flavivirus, is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in asia based on its frequency and severity.
Introduction japanese encephalitis is a vector borne viral disease that occurs in south asia, south east asia, east asia and the pacific this disease affects both man and animals caused by a flavivirusjev it is transmitted by the vector, mosquitoes belonging to the culex species globally, 30,000 to 50,000 new cases of. Asia, and approximately 60,000 deaths due to rabies occur annually worldwide. Oct 18, 2016 dengue virus denv and japanese encephalitis virus jev belong to the genus flavivirus, and infection with a virus within this genus induces antibodies that are crossreactive to other flaviviruses. Aug 29, 2019 japanese encephalitis is a rare but serious infection of the brain caused by a virus that is transmitted through mosquito bites. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is endemic in much of asia and the western pacific. Alternatively, a rapid schedule of two doses on days 0 and 7 can be used.
Je virus is the leading cause of vaccinepreventable encephalitis in asia and the western pacific. While japanese encephalitis virus jev is a leading cause of acute encephalitis syndrome in india ranging from 535%, the etiology in a large number of cases however remains unidentified. Distribution of japanese encephalitis virus, japan and. Encephalitis caused by japanese encephalitis virus occurs in annual epidemics throughout asia, making it the principal cause of epidemic viral encephalitis in the world.
Encephalitis is a condition of inflammation of the brain parenchyma, occurs as a result of infectious or autoimmune causes, and can lead to encephalopathy, seizures, focal neurological deficits, neurological disability, and death. Japanese encephalitis je, asia is the prototype member of japanese encephalitis antigenic serologic complex which also contains st. Jemb and live, attenuated or live, chimeric japanese encephalitis vaccines may be available in asia or. Japanese encephalitis vaccine monograph for professionals. Japanese encephalitis is a rare but serious infection of the brain caused by a virus that is transmitted through mosquito bites. Pdf change in japanese encephalitis virus distribution. Kaempferol, a plantderived flavonoid, has been reported to have activity against japanese encephalitis virus jev in bhk21 cells. Japanese encephalitis je virus is a singlestranded rna virus that belongs to the genus. Japanese encephalitis is the single largest cause of viral encephalitis in the world today.
Japanese encephalitis virus an overview sciencedirect. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. Japanese encephalitis je is one of many viral encephalitides and results from infection with the japanese encephalitis virus. Only a single serotype of je virus has been identified and subtipification. Specific viruses tend to occur in specific geographic and temporal niches.
A case of japanese encephalitis virus jev infection is reported in a young traveler returning from thailand. It is a mosquitoborne flavivirus, meaning it is related to dengue, yellow fever and west nile viruses. Clinical presentation at the onset of the disease patients present with severe rigors, fevers and headache. Pdf japanese encephalitis je virus jev is the major mosquitoborne encephalitic flavivirus of rural eastern, southeastern and southern asia. Japanese encephalitis je is one of the most common. Nucleotide changes responsible for loss of neuroinvasiveness in japanese encephalitis virus neutralizationresistant mutants. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is a significant cause of neurological disease in humans throughout asia causing an estimated 70,000 human cases each year with approximately 10,000 fatalities. Jev is distributed across most of asia, the western pacific, and northern australia 2. One of the leading causes of acute encephalopathy in children in the tropics is japanese encephalitis je. Hasegawa h, yoshida m, shiosaka t, fujita s, kobayashi y. Je virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito, primarily culex species. Japanese encephalitis virus has gradually expanded its geographic range within. Serological, virological, and electrophysiological investigations point to anterior horncell involvement and japanese encephalitis virus jev infection episodes in 12 55% of afflicted children.
This vaccine was approved in march 2009 for use in people aged 17 years and older and in may 20 for use in children 2 months through 16 years of age. Japanese encephalitisa pathological and clinical perspective. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is a mosquitoborne agent that can cause encephalitis in equids and. Classification of the causative agent resistance to. Inactivated vero cell culturederived japanese encephalitis je vaccine manufactured as ixiaro is the only je vaccine licensed and available in the united states.
109 974 1440 399 1036 1430 124 1238 475 375 825 1251 427 254 1109 368 1223 361 629 832 454 702 632 1433 1030 771 508 618 566 505 1167 1435 1196 743 1349 1407 556 523 1429 694 388 1156 195 1173 1258 540